历史上的今天——7月4日

7月4日，阳历年的第185天（闰年是186天），离一年的结束还有180天。

今天是美帝和菲律宾的国庆日，让我们倾听一下美帝的国歌：星条旗永不落。

1776年——13个英属北美殖民地的代表在费城召开第二次大陆会议，通过《独立宣言》。

200年之后，一块英属殖民地通过扩张、引进劳工、远离两次大战，成功的发展成世界上最强大的国家，并使得美洲不但在地理上，更在政治经济上彻底脱离了和欧亚非大陆的联系。

1802年——美国西点军校成立。

美军军事人才的摇篮，不单单是美国之光，也是全世界所有军人向往的地方。

1904年——中国历史上最后一次科举考试。

科举制度寿终正寝了。但是关于科举及其后世的高考、公务员考试等制度，依然有着很大的争议。科举制度本身的确有很多不完善的地方，尤其是在明清引用八股文后，弊病尤为凸显。但是科举制度本身的出发点却没有问题，理论上保证了不同出身的人可以在相同的平台下竞争，也的确产生了一大批因科举而出现的新兴“士大夫”阶层，被皇帝加以利用制衡贵族阶层，保证了政府机构的新陈代谢。当然，科举虽然打破了血缘姻亲的结党，却不可避免的产生了师门、同年、乡党的问题。八股文是科举制度最为人诟病的地方，因为它在很大程度上限制了读书人的阅读面，造就了一大批只读圣贤书的书虫，这也是宋朝以后不再有如春秋战国、魏晋南北朝时思潮蜂拥的原因之一。至于营私舞弊，这不是制度本身的问题，再完善的制度也会出现不同程度的漏洞。一项制度施行的年限越长，其漏洞自然越多越大。而天朝自秦汉开始，大一统一直是主流，科举制度也自然是被沿用很久的，从未有过根本性的变化，所以后期不可避免的会出现各种问题的。

1954年——联邦德国在瑞士伯尔尼3:2击败了当时极其强大的匈牙利队，首次夺得世界杯足球赛冠军，史称“伯尔尼奇迹”。

伯尔尼的胜利，不单单是体育界的胜利，更是对德国尤其是西德全面恢复的强心针。无怪乎人家专门为这个拍个电影。而天朝的足球只能出些恶搞的短片，民间自娱自乐。

1780年——克劳塞维茨出生，普鲁士军事家。

西方军事理论集大成者。对热兵器战争，有着极强的指导意义。

1896年——茅盾出生，中国文学家。

只看过他的一篇入选了课本的《白杨礼赞》，别的著作基本没看过。没啥可说。

192年——王允逝世，汉朝政治家。

扳倒了董卓，却没有掌握兵权清剿董卓余部，又被收拾了。

664年——玄奘逝世，唐朝高僧。

佛学家、旅行家、翻译家，吃了他的肉就能长生不老。不知道他圆寂有没有剩下点舍利啥的。

1934年——居里夫人逝世，法国科学家。

第一个两获诺贝尔奖，唯一一个在不同领域获得诺贝尔奖的传奇人物。女性的代表。

1979年——李惠堂逝世，有“亚洲球王”之美誉，后来成为首位出任国际足协副会长的华人。

据称，他在正式比赛中的入球，比贝利还多……天朝足球也曾威武过啊。

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